OVERVIEW
The first 30 years of the church can be divided into four phases.
The
first phase commenced with the outpouring of the Holy Spirit in Acts 2
and ended a few years later when the church was scattered from Jerusalem
through persecution, as described in Acts 8. This article is based on
those chapters of Acts.
During this phase God's Holy Spirit worked
mightily, performing many great miracles, which gave courage to the
apostles and power to their sermons. In a few years the church grew from
the initial group of 120 to many thousands. However, the church was
confined to Jerusalem, consisted of Jews only and functioned as part of
Judaism. This is indicated by the following:
In Jerusalem -
The church received the power of the Holy Spirit in Jerusalem. In Acts 5
the Jewish Council declared that the apostles have filled Jerusalem
with their teaching. The word of God kept on spreading; and the number
of the disciples continued to increase greatly in Jerusalem, and a great
many of the priests were becoming obedient to the faith.
Pentecost
- God selected Pentecost to pour out His Holy Spirit. On that annual
festival devout Jews from all nations, who spoke the language of the
nation where they were born, were gathered in Jerusalem. God also gave
His disciples the ability to speak their languages.
Call to repentance -
Peter, the primary spokesperson during this phase, did not hesitate to
blame the Jews for the death of Jesus, but he also called the Jews to
repentance, teaching:
-
That God exalted Jesus to His right hand as a Prince and a Savior to grant repentance to Israel;
-
That, for Israel first, God raised up His Servant Jesus and sent Him to bless Israel by turning them from their wicked ways and;
-
That the promise of the Holy Spirit is for Israel.
It is therefore clear that God did not reject Israel for killing Jesus.
God continued to give preference to Israel after Christ's death.
Jewish Sermons -
The sermons in that period were entirely Jewish, indicating that it was
intended for Israel alone. For instance, Peter addressed his audience
as Men of Israel and quoted liberally from the prophets. Stephen's
defense before the High Priest and the council was also thoroughly
Jewish, summarizing Israel's history.
In the Temple -
The church worshiped every day in the temple, where only Jews were
allowed. God gave them explicit instruction to preach in the temple. God
gave a most significant miracle at the temple, attracting the attention
of all the Jews who were worshiping in the temple, and giving Peter the
opportunity to witness powerfully to them.
DETAILED DISCUSSION
For
a period of forty days after His resurrection, Jesus appeared to His
chosen apostles, proving to them than He is alive. At the end of the
forty days He was taken up into heaven.
Just before He was taken
up, He gave orders to His apostles not to leave in Jerusalem, but to
wait in Jerusalem to be baptized with the Holy Spirit. Ten day later, on
the day of Pentecost, the remaining 120 followers of Christ were all
together in one place. Suddenly there came from heaven a noise like a
violent rushing wind that filled the whole house. There appeared what
looked like tongues of fire that came to rest on each one of them. They
were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in different
languages.
On that day and the subsequent years God's Holy Spirit
worked mightily. Many wonders and signs were taking place through the
apostles. A man that was more than 40 years old, and who was lame from
birth, was healed at the temple. The apostles were securely locked up in
prison, but an angel released them. The people of Jerusalem even
carried the sick out into the streets and laid them on cots and pallets,
so that when Peter came by at least his shadow might fall on any one of
them. People from the cities brought their sick people to Jerusalem and
they were all healed.
The Holy Spirit gave courage to the
apostles and power to their sermons. The church grew from the initial
group of 120 to many thousands in a few years. On the day of Pentecost
alone the followers of Jesus increased from 120 to more than 3000. The
Lord was adding to their number day by day. After the healing of the
lame man at the temple there were more than 10000 believers.
Thereafter
all the more believers in the Lord, multitudes of men and women, were
constantly added to their number. This is amazing, considering that the
Leader of the group has been killed, but instead of His followers hiding
away, the number of followers increased exponentially on the basis of
the teaching of these uneducated and untrained men. This shows the power
of the Holy Spirit.
However, the church was limited to Jerusalem,
consisted of Jews only and functioned as part of Judaism. Indications
of the Jewish nature of this first phase are:
IN JERUSALEM
Jesus
explicitly told the apostles to wait in Jerusalem for the power of the
Holy Spirit. The Jewish Council in Acts 5 later declared that the
disciples have filled Jerusalem with their teaching. This first phase of
the early church closed with the following comment: The word of God
kept on spreading; and the number of the disciples continued to increase
greatly in Jerusalem, and a great many of the priests were becoming
obedient to the faith.
PENTECOST
The church
received the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost, when devout Jews and
proselytes from all nations were gathered in Jerusalem. These Jews and
proselytes included, amongst others, Parthians, Medes, Egyptians,
Libyans, Romans and Arabs. They spoke the language of the nation where
they were born. They also heard the sound from heaven and came together
to see what it is. The Holy Spirit gave the believers the ability to
speak the various languages of these people. These foreigners were
amazed to hear the 120, whom they knew were Galileans, speaking in their
own languages of the mighty deeds of God.
The fact that God chose
Jerusalem and the day of Pentecost to pour out His Holy Spirit, and
that He gave His followers the ability to speak the languages of these
foreigners, indicate God's intention to reach Jews all over the world
with the good news of Jesus Christ. On that day 3000 Jews were added to
the church.
JEWS CALLED TO REPENTANCE
Peter,
the primary spokesperson during this phase, did not hesitate to blame
the Jews for the death of the Holy and Righteous One::
On Pentecost Peter said to the Jews:
-
Jesus the Nazarene, a man attested to you by God with miracles and
wonders and signs which God performed through Him in your midst, just as
you yourselves know-this Man you nailed to a cross by the hands of
godless men and put Him to death
-
Let all the house of Israel know for certain that God has made Him both Lord and Christ-this Jesus whom you crucified.
In his speech in the temple, after the healing of the lame man, Peter said the following to the Jews gathered in the temple:
-
His servant Jesus, the one whom you delivered and disowned in the
presence of Pilate you disowned the Holy and Righteous One and asked for
a murderer to be granted to you, but put to death the Prince of life
The next day, after they were jailed for teaching in the temple, Peter
said to the rulers and elders and scribes gathered together in
Jerusalem:
-
By the name of Jesus Christ the Nazarene, whom you crucified, whom God
raised from the dead-by this name this man stands here before you in
good health. He is the stone which was rejected by you, the builders,
but which became the chief corner stone.
The Jewish Council later complained that the disciples intend to bring
this man's blood upon them, but Peter reiterated that the God of our
fathers raised up Jesus, whom they had put to death by hanging Him on a
cross.But
God did not reject Israel for killing Jesus. Christ's prayer on the cross was:
-
Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do.
This was an expression of God's heart. Israel still had the opportunity
to repent. Therefore Peter and the apostles preached repentance to the
Jews:
-
Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the
forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy
Spirit. For the promise (of the Holy Spirit) is for you and your
children and for all who are far off.
After the lame man was healed, Peter said to the Jews in the temple:
Therefore repent and return, so that your sins may be wiped away.Not only did Peter preach repentance to the Jews; he preached repentance for Jews first. He assured his Jewish listeners:
-
That for them first, God raised up His Servant and sent Him to bless them by turning every one of you from your wicked ways;
-
That Jesus is the Christ (Savior) appointed for them and;
-
That God exalted Jesus to His right hand as a Prince and a Savior, to grant repentance to Israel;
Paul often used the phrase Jew first. God, after the death of Christ,
not only sent the gospel to the Jews first, but they will always have
the first right to salvation: From the standpoint of God's choice they
are beloved for the sake of the fathers.
JEWISH SERMONS
Peter's
sermons were entirely Jewish. In his sermon on the Day of Pentecost he
addressed his audience as Men of Israel and as the house of Israel. He
quoted both Joel and David. These references would have meant nothing to
any Gentile standing around. The 3000 people who were saved that day
would all have been Jewish. His second sermon, in the temple, after the
lame man was healed, was also entirely Jewish. Several times he referred
to the prophets, explicitly mentioning Samuel, Moses and Abraham.
Stephen's defense before the High Priest and the council was also thoroughly Jewish, summarizing Israel's history. See Acts 7.
IN THE TEMPLE
After
Pentecost the 3000 believers were day by day continuing with one mind
in the temple, where Gentiles were not allowed. The nearest the Gentiles
could get was the Court of the Gentiles, which surrounded the Temple.
Peter and John were going up to the temple at the ninth hour, the hour
of prayer. They were all with one accord in Solomon's portico, which was
a specific part of the temple.
God gave Peter to heal a lame man
at the gate of the temple. This man they used to set down every day at
the gate of the temple. All the people knew him. Since God had removed
his deformity, the man was probably now, for the first time in his whole
life, allowed to enter the temple. He entered the temple with them,
walking and leaping and praising God. With the man still clinging to
Peter and John, and with all the people gathering around them, full of
amazement, the miracle gave Peter the opportunity of testify in the
temple, where only Jews were allowed. God chose this location, which
confirms that God's efforts were still focused on the Jewish nation.
Peter urged them to repent, so that their sins may be wiped away. Many
believed, and the church grew to 5000 men.
After the apostles were
jailed, an angel released them and told them to go and speak to the
people in the temple, which they did. The authorities arrested them
again, flogged them and ordered them not to speak in the name of Jesus,
but they just kept on preaching in the temple Jesus as the Christ. Their
worship still centered around the temple. In their view they were the
true Jews.
CONCLUSION
For a number of years
after Jesus's death and resurrection God limited the efforts of His
Holy Spirit to Jews. During this first phase of massive growth the
church consisted only of Jews, continuing to live like Jews.
Christianity at this time was a part of Judaism, and the dramatic
actions of the young church were still confined to Jerusalem. The later
three phases provide additional evidence for this conclusion.